Scotland has become the first part of the UK to legalise “boil in a bag” funerals, officially known as alkaline hydrolysis, marking the biggest change to British burial laws since cremation was introduced in 1885.
The eco-friendly alternative dissolves the body in a mixture of water and alkaline chemicals inside a pressurised steel chamber, replicating decades of natural decomposition within just three to four hours. The liquid produced is cooled, treated, and safely discharged into the wastewater system, while remaining bones are dried, ground into fine powder, and returned to the family in an urn.
During the process, the body is wrapped in a biodegradable shroud, and heated to 150°C (302°F) under pressure, ensuring it does not actually boil. Only natural compounds such as proteins, sugars, and salts remain in the liquid, which eventually rejoins the water cycle.
Kindly Earth, which has exclusive rights to produce hydrolysis equipment in Scotland, said the method provides families with a choice, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional burial or cremation. Costs overseas range between $1,500 and $5,000, depending on provider and services.
The Scottish Government approved the method following a 2023 consultation that showed 84% public support. Crematoriums and funeral operators must first secure planning permission and approval from Scottish Water before offering the service, with the first procedures expected this summer.
Public health Minister Jenni Minto said hydrolysis “responds to significant public demand for environmentally friendly options” while ensuring the same dignity and care as traditional methods. Other countries, including Ireland, New Zealand, Canada, and the US, already allow water cremations. England and Wales are considering similar legislation, which could also pave the way for other green alternatives like human composting.
